AP Resources

AP Calculus, Physics and more: college-level preparation resources.

Mathematics

Limits & Continuity

AP Calculus AB — limits, one-sided limits, continuity and limits at infinity. Worked example and the exam approach for indeterminate forms.

Open

AP Precalculus

Rational Functions: Asymptotes, Holes and End Behavior

AP Precalculus, Unit 1. How to find vertical asymptotes, holes, horizontal and slant asymptotes of a rational function, read its end behavior, a worked example and the free response approach.

Open

AP Precalculus

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

AP Precalculus, Unit 2. Arithmetic and geometric sequences, exponential growth and decay, logarithms as inverses, the log rules, solving exponential equations, a worked example and the free response approach.

Open

AP Statistics

Inference for Proportions

AP Statistics, Unit 3. The one-proportion z interval and z test, the three conditions, a worked example with both, and how to write a conclusion that earns full credit.

Open

AP Statistics

Linear Regression and Residuals

AP Statistics, Unit 5. The least squares line from summary statistics, residuals and residual plots, r squared, interpreting slope in context, and the traps graders look for.

Open

Calculus AB

Derivative Rules

AP Calculus AB — power, product, quotient and chain rules for differentiation. Worked chain-rule example and how the rules show up in MCQ vs FRQ.

Open

Calculus BC

Series, Convergence Tests and Taylor Polynomials

AP Calculus BC, Unit 10. Which convergence test to use and when, interval of convergence with endpoint checks, the standard Maclaurin series, Taylor polynomials and the two error bounds.

Open

Calculus BC

Parametric Equations, Polar Coordinates and Vector-Valued Functions

AP Calculus BC, Unit 9. Derivatives of parametric curves, arc length, motion with vector-valued functions, and slope and area in polar coordinates, with worked examples.

Open

Physics

AP Physics C: Mechanics

Work and Energy with Variable Forces

AP Physics C: Mechanics, Unit 3. Work as an integral of force, spring work, how force and potential energy are linked by a derivative, a worked example and the free response approach.

Open

AP Physics 1

Newton's Laws and Free Body Diagrams

AP Physics 1, Unit 2. How to draw a free body diagram, apply Newton's second law, handle normal force, friction and connected objects, a worked example and the free response approach.

Open

AP Physics 1

Conservation of Energy

AP Physics 1, Unit 3. Kinetic and potential energy, when mechanical energy is conserved, how friction changes the bookkeeping, energy bar charts, a worked example and the free response approach.

Open

AP Physics C: E&M

Gauss's Law

AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism, Unit 8. Electric flux, Gauss's law, choosing a Gaussian surface for spherical, cylindrical and planar symmetry, a worked example and the free response approach.

Open

AP Physics 2

Electric Circuits and Kirchhoff's Rules

AP Physics 2, Electric Circuits unit. Equivalent resistance, Kirchhoff's junction and loop rules, power, capacitors in circuits at the start and after a long time, and a worked example.

Open

AP Physics 2

Thermodynamics and the First Law

AP Physics 2, Thermodynamics unit. The ideal gas law, internal energy, the first law with the AP sign convention, PV diagrams for the four standard processes, and a worked example.

Open

AP Physics C: Mechanics

Rotation, Torque and Angular Momentum

AP Physics C: Mechanics, the rotation units. Torque, Newton's second law for rotation, moment of inertia by integration and the parallel axis theorem, rolling without slipping and conservation of angular momentum.

Open

AP Physics C: E&M

Faraday's Law and Electromagnetic Induction

AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism, Electromagnetic Induction unit. Magnetic flux, Faraday's law, Lenz's law for direction, the moving rod on rails, and inductors in LR circuits.

Open

Macroeconomics

AP Macroeconomics

Fiscal Policy and Aggregate Demand

How government spending and taxes shift aggregate demand, and the graph plus reasoning chain graders look for on the AP Macroeconomics FRQ.

Open

AP Macroeconomics

Monetary Policy and the Money Market

AP Macroeconomics, the Financial Sector unit. The money market graph, the central bank's tools, the chain from interest rates to aggregate demand, the money multiplier and a worked example.

Open

Microeconomics

AP Microeconomics

Supply, Demand and Price Elasticity

Reading a market from a shift in supply or demand, and using price elasticity to predict what happens to quantity, price and total revenue.

Open

AP Microeconomics

Perfect Competition and Profit Maximization

AP Microeconomics, the Perfect Competition unit. The MR = MC rule, measuring profit and loss on the graph, the shutdown rule, and why long-run profit falls to zero.

Open

Computer Science

CSP

Binary & Data Representation

AP Computer Science Principles — bits and bytes, converting between binary and decimal, and how numbers, text and images are represented digitally. Worked example and exam tip.

Open

CSP

Algorithms & Pseudocode

AP Computer Science Principles — algorithms and the three building blocks (sequencing, selection, iteration) using College Board exam-reference pseudocode. Worked example and exam tip.

Open

CSP

The Internet: Packets, Protocols & DNS

AP Computer Science Principles — how the Internet works: packets, TCP/IP, IP addresses, DNS, and fault tolerance through redundancy. Exam tip included.

Open

CSA

Java Basics: Variables & Data Types

AP Computer Science A — Java primitive types (int, double, boolean, char), the String object, declaration and casting. Worked example and a common exam trap.

Open

CSA

Control Flow: Conditionals & Loops

AP Computer Science A — if/else conditionals, boolean operators, and for/while loops in Java. Worked example plus how to avoid off-by-one errors.

Open

CSA

Objects & Classes (OOP)

AP Computer Science A — object-oriented programming in Java: classes, objects, instance variables, constructors and methods. Worked example and FRQ tip.

Open

Cybersecurity

Security Foundations: The CIA Triad & Threat Actors

AP Cybersecurity — the CIA triad (Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability), the difference between threat/vulnerability/risk, and the main categories of threat actors.

Open

Cybersecurity

Network Security: Firewalls, VPNs, and Common Attacks

AP Cybersecurity — how firewalls and VPNs protect network traffic, defense-in-depth, and the network attacks tested most: DoS/DDoS, man-in-the-middle, and packet sniffing.

Open

Cybersecurity

Cryptography Basics: Encryption, Hashing, and Digital Signatures

AP Cybersecurity — symmetric vs asymmetric encryption, why hashing is not encryption, and how digital signatures combine both to prove authenticity and integrity.

Open

AP Resources

Mathematics

Limits & Continuity

Rational Functions: Asymptotes, Holes and End Behavior

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Inference for Proportions

Linear Regression and Residuals

Derivative Rules

Series, Convergence Tests and Taylor Polynomials

Parametric Equations, Polar Coordinates and Vector-Valued Functions

Physics

Work and Energy with Variable Forces

Newton's Laws and Free Body Diagrams

Conservation of Energy

Gauss's Law

Electric Circuits and Kirchhoff's Rules

Thermodynamics and the First Law

Rotation, Torque and Angular Momentum

Faraday's Law and Electromagnetic Induction

Macroeconomics

Fiscal Policy and Aggregate Demand

Monetary Policy and the Money Market

Microeconomics

Supply, Demand and Price Elasticity

Perfect Competition and Profit Maximization

Computer Science

Binary & Data Representation

Algorithms & Pseudocode

The Internet: Packets, Protocols & DNS

Java Basics: Variables & Data Types

Control Flow: Conditionals & Loops

Objects & Classes (OOP)

Cybersecurity

Security Foundations: The CIA Triad & Threat Actors

Network Security: Firewalls, VPNs, and Common Attacks

Cryptography Basics: Encryption, Hashing, and Digital Signatures

Read more about this exam